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Publications
2024
Publication (International Journal)
- Ujiie M. Emerging Trends in Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome, Japan.
Emerging infectious diseases 31(4) 847-849. 2025 February 24.
- Yamamoto S, Mizoue T, Ujiie M, Horii K, Takeuchi S J, Konishi M, Sugiura W, Ohmagari N. Low levels of post-vaccination hemagglutination inhibition antibodies and their correlation with influenza protection among healthcare workers during the 2024/2025 A/H1N1 outbreak in Japan. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2025 February 25.
- Goswami J, Baqui H A, Doreski A P, Marc P G, Ahmed S, Zaman K, Duncan J A C, Ujiie M, Ramet M, Perez-Breva L, Lan L, Du J, Kappor A, Mehta S, Tomassini E J, Huang W, Zhou H, Stoszek K S, Priddy F, Lin N, Cam L N, Shaw A C, Slobod K, Wilson E, Miller M J, Das R. Humoral Immunogenicity of mRNA-1345 RSV Vaccine in Older Adults.
The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 230(5) e996-e1006. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiae316
- Okumura N, Morino E, Nomoto H, Yanagi M, Takahashi K, Iwasaki H, Uemura Y, Shimizu Y, Mizushina D, Fukushima K, Kinai E, Shiojiri D, Itoda I, Onoe Y, Kobori Y, Nakamura F, Tokita D, Sugiura W, Ohmagari N, Ujiie M. Safety and Effectiveness of LC16m8 for Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis against mpox in a High-Risk Population: An Open-Label Randomized Trial.
Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2024 June 7.
- Maruki T, Morioka S, Miyazato Y, Tsuzuki S, Takezawa K, Kuribayashi S, Kutsuna S, Ohmagari N, Fukuhara S. Association between post-COVID-19 conditions and male semen quality in Japan: A descriptive investigation. J Infect Chemother. 30(11):1194-1196. Nov 2024.
- Maruki T, Morioka S, Kutsuna S, Kimura Y, Mochizuki H, Ohmagari N. The potential association between COVID-19 and Parkinson's disease like Symptoms. GHM Open. 31;4(1):32-36. Jul 2024.
- Sakurai A, Morioka S, Tsuzuki S, Matsunaga N, Saito S, Arai N, Yamamoto N, Hara T, Hojo M, Hiroi Y, Yamada K, Ohmagari N. Difference in clinical courses and causes of COVID-19-related deaths in hospitalized patients infected with omicron and delta variants: A retrospective study in Japan. GHM Open. 4(1):23-31. 2024.
- Iwamoto N, Takamatsu Y, Asai Y, Tsuchiya K, Matsuda K, Oshiro Y, Inamura N, Terada M, Nemoto T, Kimura M, Saito S, Morioka S, Kenji M, Mitsuya H, Ohmagari N. High diagnostic accuracy of quantitative SARS-CoV-2 spike-binding-IgG assay and correlation with in vitro viral neutralizing activity. Heliyon. 10(2): e24513. Jan 2024.
- Yutaro Akiyama, Shinichiro Morioka, Shinya Tsuzuki, Tomoki Yoshikawa, Masaya Yamato, Hideta Nakamura, Masayuki Shimojima, Mizue Takakusaki, Sho Saito, Kozue Takahashi, Mio Sanada, Mika Komatsubara, Kaoru Takebuchi, Etsuko Yamaguchi, Tetsuya Suzuki, Komei Shimokawa, Takeshi Kurosu, Madoka Kawahara, Kohei Oishi, Hideki Ebihara, Norio Ohmagari.
Efficacy and viral dynamics of tecovirimat in patients with MPOX: A multicenter open-label, double-arm trial in Japan. J Infect Chemother. 30(6):488-4933:2024 Jun.
- Shinichiro Morioka, Mio Nikaido, Shinya Tsuzuki, Satoshi Kutsuna, Sho Saito, Kayoko Hayakawa, Masaya Sugiyama, Norio Ohmagari. Epidemiology of post-COVID conditions beyond 3 years and factors associated with their persistence longer than 2 years: A cross-sectional study.
J Infect Chemother. ;30(8):734-7402024 Aug.
- Ryota Hase, Aki Sakurai, Masahiro Suzuki, Naoya Itoh, Kayoko Hayakawa, Kohei Uemura, Yasufumi Matsumura, Hideaki Kato, Takuma Ishihara, David Van Duin, Norio Ohmagari, Yohei Doi, Sho Saito. Clinical characteristics and genome epidemiology of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in Japan. J Antimicrob Chemother. dkae1682024 Jun 6.
- Kayoko Hayakawa, Sho Saito, Tohru Miyoshi -Akiyama,Yuto Fukui, NorihikoTakemoto, Takehiro Hashimoto, Takeshi Inagaki, Keika Hirose, Kentaro Kobayashi, Ryuji Koizumi, Mio Endo, Mika Komatsubara, Hidetoshi Nomoto, Makoto Inada, Satoshi Ide, Kohei Kamegai, Shinobu Ashida, Naoyoshi Nagata, Hideaki Kato, Norio Ohmagari. Comparison of the effects of cefmetazole and meropenem on microbiome: A pilot study. J Infect Chemother. ;30(12):1274-1279 2024 Dec.
- Nobumasa Okumura, Shinya Tsuzuki, Jiefu Yu, Sho Saito, Norio Ohmagari. Time from admission to the onset of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in a single acute care hospital in Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis. ;77(6):345-347. 2024 Nov 21.
- Takato Nakamoto, Noriko Iwamoto, Yusuke Oshiro, Natsumi Inamura, Takeshi Nemoto, Satohi Ide, Keiji Nakamura, Hidetoshi Nomoto, Yutaro Akiyama, Tetsuya Suzuki, Yusuke Miyazato, Michiyo Suzuki, Kumiko Suzuki, Moto Kimura, Sho Saito, Satoshi Kutsuna, Norio Ohmagari. COVID-19 severity and corticosteroid treatment have minimal effect on specific antibody production. BMC Infect Dis. ;24(1):11972024 Oct 24.
- Akihiro Hirakawa, Takashi Asakawa, Kota Tokushige, Ryoto Ozaki, Mizuki Yoshida, Hitomi Sumiyoshi Okuma, Sho Saito, Yosuke Shimizu, Ryo Kitabayashi, Ryoichi Hanazawa, Hiroyuki Sato, Yukari Uemura. Planning and Implementing Master Protocol Trials in Japan: Key Considerations of the Japanese Guideline. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 117(3):627-632.2025 Mar
- Kohei Kamegai, Kayoko Hayakawa, Sho Saito, Kazuhisa Mezaki, Ayana Sakurai, Norio Ohmagari. Unveiling Ruminococcus gnavus Bacteremia: Clinical Characteristics and Implications. J Infect Chemother. 2025 Feb;31(2):102558.
- Sho Saito, Aki Sakurai, Yasufumi Matsumura, Kohei Uemura, Ryota Hase, Hideaki Kato, Naoya Itoh, Takehiro Hashimoto, Takashi Matono, Jiefu Yu, Kayoko Hayakawa, Masahiro Suzuki, Shoki Izumi, Tetsuya Suzuki, Mari Kurokawa, Koh Shinohara, Keiichiro Mori, Yasunobu Endo, Haruki Mito, Kayoko Sano, Tomo Matsunaga, Nana Akazawa, Kazufumi Hiramatsu, Yusuke Asai, Shinya Tsuzuki, David van Duin, Norio Ohmagari, Yohei Doi. Molecular epidemiology and patient outcome of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii in Japan: A multicenter study from MultiDrug-Resistant organisms clinical research network (MDRnet). JAC Antimicrob Resist. 2025 Mar 6;7(2):dlaf027.
- Kengo Hayashi, Masahiro Suzuki, Yoshikazu Ishii, Yasufumi Matsumura, Kazuaki Matsumoto, Sho Saito, Yohei Doi. In Vitro Activity of Aztreonam in Combination with Relebactam against Gram-Negative Pathogens Producing Various Serine and Metallo-β-Lactamases. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. :42:73-79. 2025 Feb 17
- Yuri Furusawa, Maki Kiso, Ryuta Uraki, Yuko Sakai-Tagawa, Hiroyuki Nagai, Michiko Koga, Yukie Kashima, Masayuki Hojo, Noriko Iwamoto, Kiyoko Iwatsuki-Horimoto, Norio Ohmagari, Yutaka Suzuki, Hiroshi Yotsuyanagi, Peter J Halfmann, Wataru Kamitani, Seiya Yamayoshi, Yoshihiro Kawaoka. Amino acid substitutions in NSP6 and NSP13 of SARS-CoV-2 contribute to superior virus growth at low temperatures.
J Virol ;99(3) 2025 Mar
- Kohei Kamegai, Naoya Itoh, Masahiro Ishikane, Noriko Iwamoto, Yusuke Asai, Nana Akazawa-Kai, Noriko Fuwa, Jin Takasaki, Masayuki Hojo, Akira Hangaishi, Tomiteru Togano, Katsuji Teruya, Kenichiro Takahashi, Sho Miyamoto, Yuichiro Hirata, Takayuki Kanno, Tomoya Saito, Harutaka Katano, Tadaki Suzuki, Norio Ohmagari. Duration of infectious virus shedding of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant among immunocompromised patients. J infect chemother;31(4)102631:2025 Apr
- Nobumasa Okumura, Kei Yamamoto, Noriko Iwamoto, Shinya Tsuzuki, Kenichi Hayashi, Koh Shinohara, Issaku Nakatani, Hidenori Nakagawa, Natsuko Imakita, Takashi Matono, Akihiro Manabe, Tsuyoshi Kitaura, Takahiro Mikawa, Masaya Yamato, Norio Ohmagari. Effect of Studying Abroad on Catch-Up Vaccination in Young Adults: A Study Using the Japan Pretravel Consultation Registry1.
J Infect Chemother 31(2):102547, 2025
- Yamada G, Ogawa Y, Iwamoto N, Suzuki M, Yamada Y, Itaya T, Hayakawa K, Ohmagari N, Yamamoto Y. Effectiveness of remdesivir in patients with COVID-19 and severe renal insufficiency: a nationwide cohort study in Japan. Infect Dis (Lond). 57(2):192-201. 2025 Feb
- Inada M, Iwamoto N, Nomoto H, Tsuzuki S, Takemoto N, Fuwa N, Moriya A, Ohmagari N. Characteristics of Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome Caused by Different Beta-hemolytic Streptococci Species:A Single-center Retrospective Study. Open Forum Infect Dis. ;11(9):2024 Aug 27
- Shoji K, Asai Y, Tsuzuki S, Matsunaga N, Suzuki S, Iwamoto N, Funaki T, Miyairi I, Ohmagari N. Comparison of clinical characteristics and severity of COVID-19 with or without viral co-infection in hospitalized children. J Infect Chemother.31(2):102520;2025Feb
- Jeong YD, Hart WS, Thompson RN, Ishikane M, Nishiyama T, Park H, Iwamoto N, Sakurai A, Suzuki M, Aihara K, Watashi K, Op de Coul E, Ohmagari N, Wallinga J, Iwami S, Miura F. Modelling the effectiveness of an isolation strategy for managing mpox outbreaks with variable infectiousness profiles. Nat Commun.15(1):7112; 2024 Aug 26
- Okumura N, Morino E, Nomoto H, Yanagi M, Takahashi K, Iwasaki H, Uemura Y, Shimizu Y, Mizushima D, Fukushima K, Kinai E, Shiojiri D, Itoda I, Onoe Y, Kobori Y, Nakamura F, Tokita D, Sugiura W, Ueno S, Ainai A, Mine S, Suzuki T, Ohmagari N, Ujiie M. LC16m8 for Pre-exposure Prophylaxis against Mpox in a High-Risk Population.An Open-Label Randomized Trial.
Clin Infect Dis. :ciaf074. 2025 Feb 21
- Maruki T, Nomoto H, Iwamoto N, Yamamoto K, Kurokawa M, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Yamayoshi S, Suzuki Y, Kawaoka Y, Ohmagari N. Successful management of persistent COVID-19 using combination antiviral therapy (nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and remdesivir) and intravenous immunoglobulin transfusion in an immunocompromised host who had received CD20 depleting therapy for follicular lymphoma.bJ Infect Chemother. 2024 Aug;30(8):793-795
- Okumura N, Yamamoto K, Ohmagari N. Relapse of toxocariasis after completion of four-week treatment with albendazole. J Infect Chemother 30(8):796–799, 2024
- Takeuchi JS, Fukano K, Kito Y, Yamamoto K, Kimura M. Evaluation of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection reagent LAMPdirect Genelyzer KIT using nasopharyngeal swab and saliva samples. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 110:116297, 2024
- Yamamoto K, Edakubo S, Fushimi K. Advantages of short-term antimicrobial treatment for pneumonia and aspiration pneumonia in older patients aged over 65: a nationwide inpatient database study. Glob Health Med 7(1):28–38, 2025
- Yamamoto K, et al. Comparative quantification of varicella-zoster virus in air, pharyngeal swabs, and vesicle content in patients with varicella, disseminated zoster, and localized herpes zoster.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 46(1):99–101, 2025
- Okumura N, Kato H, Yamamoto K, Hagiwara E, Kurokawa M, Hikida S, Maruki T, Mezaki K, Tanaka K, Ogura T, Ohmagari N. Evaluation of the COVID-19 diagnostic performance of Rapiim SARS-CoV-2-H, the highly sensitive SARS-CoV-2 antigen qualitative test kit. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 111(1):116598, 2025
- Hayakawa K, Asai Y, Tajima T, Endo M, Kawabata J, Fujii N, Sakaguchi M, Ishioka H, Tsuzuki S, Matsunaga N, Ohmagari N, Fukuda H. Evaluation of antimicrobial selective pressure using the multicenter semiautomatic surveillance system Japan surveillance for infection prevention and healthcare epidemiology. J Infect Public Health. 17(8):102474:2024 Aug
- Yoshihara F, Matsuzawa Y, Nakatsuka K, Kirigaya J, Takeuchi I, Kimura K, Konishi M, Tamura K, Fukui K, Tsukahara K, Shimizu H, Iwabuchi K, Yamada Y, Saka K, Sato Y, Ogawa M, Hayakawa K, Ohmagari N, Ikeda S, Akao M, Shimomura H, Kihara Y, Yoshimoto A, Morita M, Kumada N, Ogata S, Nishimura K, Arisato T, Matsuo M, Kishida M, Yasuda S, Ogawa H. Relationship between 2nd-generation angiotensin receptor blockers and the risk of hypotension in COVID-19 patients admitted to hospital. Hypertens Res. 47(7):1943-1951: 2024 Jul
- Nakamura K, Hayakawa K, Tsuzuki S, Ohmagari N. Bloodstream infections in the elderly Japanese population: Current reality and countermeasures. Glob Health Med.6(1):90-92.: 2024
- Sato L, Iwamoto N, Kakumoto Y, Tsuzuki S, Togano T, Ishikane M, Okumura N, Yamada G, Inada M, Suzuki T, Hojo M, Takasaki J, Sasaki R, Kimura A, Teruya K, Okamoto T, Hayakawa K, Hara H, Iseki K, Ohmagari N. Unfractionated Heparin Safety in COVID-19: Incidence and Risks of Bleeding Complications in Japan. J Atheroscler Thromb. ;31(8):1179-1193. 2024
- Suzuki T, Asai Y, Tsuzuki S, Nomoto H, Matsunaga N, Kodama EN, Hayakawa K, Ohmagari N. Real-world effectiveness of full and booster mRNA vaccination for coronavirus disease 2019 against disease severity during the delta- and omicron-dominant phases: A propensity score-matched cohort study using the nationwide registry data in Japan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. ;57(1):20-29:2024
- Goto R, Inose R, Koizumi R, Sawada K, Ishikane M, Ohmagari N, Muraki Y*. Evaluation of the Influence of the National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance and the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Consumption of Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial and Anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Agents. Biol Pharm Bull. 2025;48(4):415-421
- Sakurai A, Ishikane M, Ohmagari N. The Importance of Stratifying by Extremely Low CD4 Counts and Assessing Detailed Clinical Information for Clear Outcome Measures. Clin Infect Dis. 2025 Feb 7:ciaf058
- Kamegai K, Itoh N, Ishikane M, Iwamoto N, Asai Y, Akazawa-Kai N, Fuwa N, Takasaki J, Hojo M, Hangaishi A, Togano T, Teruya K, Takahashi K, Miyamoto S, Hirata Y, Kanno T, Saito T, Katano H, Suzuki T, Ohmagari N. Duration of infectious virus shedding of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant among immunocompromised patients. J Infect Chemother. 2025 Apr;31(4):102631
- Maruki T, Ishikane M, Kurokawa M, Kubo T, Miyazato Y, Ohmagari N. Long-term management of refractory vaginal trichomoniasis following initial metronidazole treatment failure: A case series. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2024 Dec 27
- Maruki T, Ishikane M, Kurokawa M, Kubo T, Miyazato Y, Ohmagari N. Long-term management of refractory vaginal trichomoniasis following initial metronidazole treatment failure: A case series. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2024 Dec 27
- Ghaznavi C, Ueda P, Nomura S, Ishikane M, Uno S, Sakamoto H. Factors associated with lifetime use of commercial sex work services among Japanese men aged 20-49: findings from a quasi-representative national survey, 2022. Sex Transm Infect. 2024 Jun 13:sextrans-2023-055971
- Katayama Y, Morita M, Chang B, Katagiri D, Ishikane M, Yamada G, Mezaki K, Kurokawa M, Takano H, Akeda Y. Identification and characterization of a novel α-haemolytic streptococci, Streptococcus parapneumoniae sp. nov., which caused bacteremia with pyelonephritis. Int J Med Microbiol. 2024 Jun;315:151625
- Sakurai A, Hosokawa N, Ohkushi D, Harada S, Matsumura Y, Itoh N, Ishikawa K, Saito S, Sakurai T, Hase R, Hashimoto T, Doi Y, Suzuki M. Multiplex PCR assay to identify clinically important Aeromonas species. Microbiol Spectr.;13(5):e0333124. 2025 Apr9
- Ota N, Itani M, Aoki T, Sakurai A, Fujisawa T, Okada Y, Noda K, Arakawa Y, Tokuda S, Tanikawa R. Expression of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in cerebral Arteries: Implications for hemorrhagic stroke Post-mRNA vaccination. J Clin Neurosci. 2025 Jun;136:111223
- Ogawa E, Suzuki M, Sakurai A, Doi Y. Molecular analysis of AmpC-producing Escherichia coli isolated from pediatric patients. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2025 Mar 12;14(3):piaf008
Presentations at International Conferences and Forums
- Sho Saito, Yusuke Asai, Aki Sakurai, Masahiro Suzuki, Yasufumi Matsumura, Ryota Hase, Hideaki Kato, Takehiro Hashimoto, Naoya Itoh, Jiefu Yu, Kayoko Hayakawa, Kohei Uemura, Norio Ohmagari, David van Duin, Yohei Doi.
Comparison of the clinical outcomes of patients with carbapenem-resistant and susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Japan,
ECCMID2024, Barcelona, Spain, April 2024.
- Taketo Kubo, Sho Saito, Yusuke Asai, Aki Sakurai, Masahiro Suzuki, Yasufumi Matsumura, Ryota Hase, Hideaki Kato, Takehiro Hashimoto, Takashi Matono, Momoko Mawatari, Jiefu Yu, Kayoko Hayakawa, Kohei Uemura, Norio Ohmagari, Yohei Doi.
Comparison of clinical outcomes and molecular epidemiology between fluoroquinolone-susceptible and resistant carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales: a multicenter study from Multi-Drug Resistant organisms clinical research network (MDRnet).
ECCMID2024, Barcelona, Spain, April 2024
- Hidetoshi Nomoto, Pham Thi Ngoc Thao, Sho Saito, Tran Thanh Linh, Maki Nagashima, Truong Thien Phu, Jiefu Yu, Pham Thi Phuong Thuy, Yoko Takahashi, Huynh Quang Dai, Nguyen Ly Minh Duy, Du Quoc Minh Quan, Norio Ohmagari.
Clinical Epidemiology of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Caused by Acinetobacter baumannii in Vietnam, ECCMID2024, Barcelona, Spain, April 2024
- Yamamoto K, Ohji G, Miyatsuka I, Furui-Ebisawa K, Moriya A, Maeta S, Nomoto H, Ando H, Kurokawa M, Ohnuma K, Kusuki M, Ohmagari N. Performance of a smartphone-based Gram staining decipherment artificial intelligence application. ESCMID Global 2024. Barcelona, Spain, Apr, 2024
- Yamamoto K, Nagashima M, Ishida M, Fukano K, Kito Y, Iwamoto-Kinoshita N, Kimura M, Ohmagari N. Performance evaluation test on rapid polymerase chain reaction test for mpox without nucleic acid extraction. ESCMID Global 2024. Barcelona, Spain, Apr, 2024
- Takahashi K, Iwamoto N, Ishikane M, Itoh N, Haraguchi M, Sakoh T, Morishima M, Uchida N, Miyamoto S, Kamegai K, Fuwa N, Matsue K, Marumo Y, Adachi T, Hase R, Araoka H, Ohmagari N, Suzuki T. Evaluation of infectious viral shedding duration for immunocompromised COVID-19 patients based on the severity of immunocompromised status. Preparing for the Next Pandemic
Evolution, Pathogenesis and Virology of Coronaviruses. (Awaji, Hyogo, December 2024)
- Kimura M, Asai Y, Tsuzuki S, Shimizu U, Uemura U, Tanaka Y, Terada-Hirashima J, Ishikane M, Kazuyama Y, Ikeda M, Kondo T, Ohmagari N, Sugiura W Effectiveness of Voluntary PCR Testing Against COVID-19 Spread in Japanese Remote Islands. 20th International Congress on Infectious Diseases. (Cape Town, South Africa, December 2024)
- Asai Y, Tsuzuki S, Kimura M, Tanaka Y, Terada-Hirashima J, Ishikane M, Kazuyama Y, Ikeda M, Kondo T, Ohmagari N, Sugiura W. Estimation of the impact of border control measures and application to policy making. Joint annual meeting of the Korean Society for Mathematical Biology and Society for Mathematical Biology. (Seoul, Korea, July 2024)
- Ishikane M, Ohmagari N. Epidemiology of the national clinical infectious disease response service in Japan during 2014-2023. ESCMID Global 2024 (Barcelona, Spain, Apr 2024)
- Ishikane M, Koizumi R, Tsuzuki S, Ohmagari N. National Surveillance of Antibiotic Use among Dentists in Japan from 2015 to 2021 using the National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups of Japan. ESCMID Global 2024. (Barcelona, Spain, Apr 2024) (Poster)
Books
- Routledge Handbook of Infectious Diseases - A Geographical Guide – ed. By Eskild Petersen, Lin H. Chen, Patricia Schlagenhauf Routledge, London, (Responsible for: Contributing writer, range:12. East Asia), 2024 (ISBN: 9781032550633)
- Takeshi Nishijima, Anne Brink, Norio Ohmagari, Yuki Moriyama, Ryuji Koizumi, Hiroko Hashimoto, Yumiko Fujitomo, Shinichiro Morioka, Nobuaki Mtsunaga.
Japan’s AMR Response 2013–2025 Developing, implementing and evaluating national AMR action plans.
WHO. Regional Oiife for the Western Pacific. Feb. 2025
Review Article
- Yuki Itani; Yuki Moriyama; Evan Ewers; David Samaha; Benjamin Drew; Joshua A. Kotler; Takashi Nagata; Scott Hughey, Tropical Diseases in Okinawa: Overview and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wilderness Environ Med. 2025 Mar;36(1):19-26